Both descriptive statistics and rigorous econometric models are used to analyze the data. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Seid Sani, All content in this area was uploaded by Seid Sani on Nov 30, 2017, ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Onli. hold livelihood diversifica()se the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. All rights reserved. Descriptive statistics result pointed out that about 66.7% of rural households combined on-farm activities with non-farm and/or off-farm activities, whereas about 33.3% were relying only on on-farm activities to achieve their livelihood goal(s). Block and Webb (2001) in food policy address the issue of the dynamics of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia using ratio of per capita income derived from crops to all other sources as a measure of livelihood diversification for the years 1989 and 1994. Without adopting context based livelihood diversification strategies; the … Surveys and key informant interviews (KII) were sources of data. Multivariate probit model was estimated to identify the factors determining households' choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. The result of the study is consistent wit. For the poorest, who have the least capacity to effectively manage risk, diversification may be a response to constraints imposed upon them by increasing climate risk. Participation into off, of Agricultural Research 2015;10(19):1998, Appendix table 1: Parameter estimates of the multino, ***, ** and * significant at 1%, 5% and 10% prob. This study used multinomial logit model to identify determinants of livelihood strategies in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Rural Livelihoods in Armenia: The Centre for Agricultural Economic consistent with the finding of Woinishet (2010). Due to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the study area, farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing population. However, livelihood diversification is determined by complex and yet empirically untested factors in Debre Elias Woreda. Government policies need to designed and implemented comprehensive strategies in order to keep non-farm household food security. The smallholder farmers are engaged in off-farm and non-farm diversified livelihood strategies to improve their food security. 4.03, A Case Study of Non-Farm Rural Livelihood Diversification in Lume Woreda, Oromiya Reginonal State. The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. The study employed Participatory Rural Appraisal and survey methods. It is universally accepted the fact that agriculture sector is incapable of creating sufficient gainful employment, food security and spurring economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. Investment in … Stakeholders’ consultations were carried out at community, district, and regional levels. This result is consistent with the findings o, crops; and to obtain higher production and income. Although still of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas. The study finding also pointed out that the mean kilocalorie intake of food insecure households was 1440.37kcal/AE/day, with the minimum and maximum being 597.65 kcal and 2048.13 kcal, respectively. State. As to the method of data analysis, the study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics along with the binary logit model. World Food and Agriculture. Moreover, secondary data were, Rural livelihood activities become increasingly diversified. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 140 sample households through interview and focus group discussions. Improvement in road network and trade with Neighboring Kenya could contribute to income diversification. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. The descriptive statistics were used to identify the livelihood strategies and the livelihood assets. Moreover, Multivariate probit model confirmed that sex, literacy status, farming experience, family size, land holding, access to credit, access to media, extension contact, farmer to farmer extension, farm income, off/non-farm income, livestock ownership, market distance and access to training have a statistically significant impact on climate adaptation strategies. Livelihood Adaptation and Diversification in Wolaita, Ethiopia (submitted to Human Ecology) Paper II: Ayele Tessema, 2008: Risk sharing, ceremonies and livelihoods: Funeral and wedding costs in Wolaita, Ethiopia (submitted to The Journal of Development Studies). Migration forms a central component of livelihood diversification. The enumerators were. The Project would help improve livelihoods of people living in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 (no The data analyzed through STATA revealed that most households have diversified their livelihood strategies into off and/or non-farm activities to improve their livelihood. The finding of the survey result indicates that much of the rural households (61%) in the study area practice diversified livelihood strategies that combined on-farm activities with non/off-farm activities. Livelihood diversification is a strategy to avoid the risk associated with shocks and to improve livelihood security. The results of this study suggest that both agricultural intensification and non/off-farm diversification should be strengthened to attain smallholder households' livelihood security. The degree of diversification of the household portfolio is generally determined by linkages in and outside agriculture such as family or household characteristics of age, household size, education etc., and also by the household’s and individual’s objectives (Valdivia and Quiroz, 1999). Paper III. The study argues that most smallholder farmers tend to diversify their livelihood strategies although various factors influence the diversification of livelihood strategies. This finding is similar to that of Beze, diversification strategies at less than 1 % probability level. Results of Multinomial logistic regression show that diversification of households is resulted from pushing factors in agriculture than attractive rural non-farm employment. Determinants of Rural Households Livelihood Strategies: Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agricult, non-farm and/or off-farm activities, whereas about 33.3% were relying only on on. The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. These policies focus mainly on on-farm agricultural development to the neglect of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification activities. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. Data Sources and Method of Collection, using interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used to describe farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. Only 42 published and unpublished papers were considered to review the paper. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Different socioeconomic and demographic factors influence the decision of livelihood diversification of households. Additional factors such as perception of erosion, education level, off-farm employment, and tenancy also influence conservation expenditures. A mixed research method of … Particularly, participation in off-farm wage activity has a positive and significant effect on household consumption expenditure and income but a negative and significant effect on the likelihood of a household being poor. also used. Poverty Food Insecurity And Livelihood Strategies In Rural Ethiopia The (pdf) rural households livelihood strategies and its impact on outcomes: the case of food security in wolaita zone southern ethiopia role diversification for household effects se curity status farm north This call for policies and strategies provide the incentive/intervention for the household who are using non-farm activities alone in ensuring their food security in rural area. Decision to include or exclude particular studies was made The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. PDF | This study identified rural household livelihood strategies and their determinants in the Assosa district of BGRS, western Ethiopia. Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. Ethiopia’s agricultural productivity is considered low despite the presence of various agricultural policies. Besides, descriptive statistics, the multivariate logistic regression was applied for the identification of determinants that helped to choose diversified livelihood strategies. literacy status of the household heads, leadership, access to training and participation in cooperative membership. The data for this study were obtained from a survey of 180 household heads selected using simple random sampling technique in the year 2016. The paper’s objectives are first, to increase awareness of livelihood diversification in This study employed descriptive statistics, food insecurity index and Tobit model to analyze the data. The study argues that most smallholder farmers tend to diversify their livelihood strategies although various factors influence the diversification of livelihood strategies. The study shows that livestock mobility would continue to ensure high productivity due to changing environment, … Relevant secondary data were also obtained from Assosa district office of agriculture, national metrology agency and different reports. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for conservation programs. The multistage sampling technique was adopted to systematically select the 118 households from which to collect data through household surveys, field observation and FGDs. Further, well established and experienced older household head may also become more resistant towards diversification of livelihood activities. contact, literacy status of household heads, leadership role, access to traini. Despite some improvements in recent years, widespread poverty and food insecurity remain the main challenges in Ethiopia. Fifth edition. The study employed Participatory Rural Appraisal and survey methods. About 84% of the sample households involved in non/off-farm activities and only 16% did not participate in any non/off-farm activity. Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to Rural land poor pursue less rewarding wage employment activities while farmers who have more asset base were found to integrate farming to non-farm sources of income such as trade. So development stakeholders should work together and implement target based interventions that help households to improve their livelihood in a sustainable manner by adopting higher return and sustainable livelihood strategies. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. Through all the search, 182 published and unpublished papers were collected. Employing mixed research approach, data for this investigation was generated from 215 randomly selected survey respondents, key informants and discussants. It is universally accepted the fact that agriculture sector is incapable of creating sufficient gainful employment, food security and spurring economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. In this regard, the econometric analysis demonstrated that out of the total sixteen variables included in the model only seven variables including land size, livestock holding size, sex of household head, mass media, market distance, total annual household income, and urban linkage are found to be the significant determinants up to 10% probability levels. Carswell [11] described the historical depth of livelihood diversification in highland Wolaita (Southern Ethiopia) and the huge contribution to improvement in household income. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. By KEMERIA BARSENGA KEDIR Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements For the degree of MASTER IN HUMAN ECOLOGY At the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: F.T TABIT May, 2015 Both primary and secondary data sources were used for the study. This study identified farmers' choice of and factors determining adaptation strategies to climate change in Assosa district, western Ethiopia which is severely affected by climate change stresses. Thus, rural households engage in to different livelihood diversification activities to ensure their food needs and secure their future livelihoods. However, in Ethiopia, small numbers of farmers are involved in nonfarm or o -farm business activities, with the majority (83%) of them being primarily engaged in farming and The review was made on determinants and challenges of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia. This finding is in line, their income rather than using a combination of on, is consistent with the findings of Adugna and Waga, experiences. This is explained by th, accumulating assets for the future. analysis of factors determining livelihood diversification among smallholder farmers in kwazulu-natal by collin lazuras yobe submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of master of science in agriculture: agricultural economics in the school of agricultural, earth and environmental sciences Data was collected using key informant interview, focus group discussion and interview schedule. Basic alternatives in rural livelihood diversification 7 6. A survey of 133 sample households, and four KIIs were employed. A Master of Arts Thesis in Development Studies. MNL model results confirm that age of household head, settlement, family size, frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, access to credit, access to training, total annual cash income, membership in cooperatives and access to fertilizer have a statistically significant impact on the choice of livelihood diversification strategies. Different published and unpublished documents were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and Google. of livelihood diversification on household income from a broader perspective, also taking into account Composite Entropy Index to measure level of livelihood diversification and 2SLS technique for endogenity to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of livelihood diversification impacts in rural Ethiopia. On the other hand, those household confined only non-farm livelihood were more food insecure. Livelihood strategies are at the centre of human livelihoods. Research, the Department of Agricultural Economics and Management Discussion Paper No. Pastoral households have different access to resources and face different opportunities and challenges and thus choose different livelihood strategies calling for tailor made policy and development practice accordingly in line with their livelihood strategies choice. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 140 sample households through interview and focus group discussions. more livelihood diversification and non-farm employment is typically good for individuals and overall economic growth in SSA. The study used a primary data collected from 276 randomly selected households for 7 consecutive days from each sample using weighed records method. of employment opportunities and generates over 83% of foreign exchange earnings of the country, Ethiopia forced households to cultivate and, /or non-farm activities have got paramount importance to development practitioners and policy makers to find the, livelihood improvement. The finding of the study revealed that, in the study area, the incidence of food insecurity was 53.62%, with the depth and severity of food insecurity being 16.84% and 7.32%, respectively. The western part of Ethiopia, Assosa zonein particular, is hit by high degree of incidence of food insecurity as agricultural production and productivity is highly vulnerable to climate variables (Sani and Kemaw 2017). Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to … Primary data were collected from 180 sample households through interview and focus group discussions. This could be due to the relation between larger family size and household, with a livestock activity. The data were obtained from 160 sample household heads that were selected through a combination of two-stage, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The finding of this study suggests that policy-makers need to reflect on the most suitable ways of supporting livelihood diversity. This study will help to formulate proper development policies on the part of various concerned authorities for supporting diversification in the rural areas. Abstract This study analyzed households’ food insecurity and its determinants along with the coping mechanisms opted against food insecurity and shortage in Assosa zone, western Ethiopia. Furthermore, the estimated Tobit model result revealed that age of the household head, family size and off-farm and non-farm income positively affected extent of households food insecurity; whereas access to irrigation, farm income, distance to market and access to credit negatively affected the extent of households’ food insecurity. This paper examines livelihood diversification as a survival strategy of rural households in developing countries. Greene, W.H., 2003. Access to irrigation and credit were positively affected choices of diversified livelihood strategies. activities. An attempt has been made in this paper to identify the determinants of livelihood diversification of the rural people using primary data collected from 255 households of Tinsukia, one of the remote districts of India. The results also indicated that the joint likelihood of using all adaptation strategies was only 1.5% and the joint likelihood of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 3.5%. To effect self development of the community, support to local cooperatives may have positive effects on the income generating capacity. A Case Study of Non-Farm Rural Livelihood Diversification in Lume Woreda, Oromiya Reginonal This paper aims to assess the relative importance of existing livelihood strategies adopted by the different socio-economic groups; the link between households' ownership and access to different 'livelihood assets'; and identify determinant factors for households to adopt and choose certain livelihood strategies in the district. Researchers found a positive influence of Family size on livelihood diversification [19]. logistic regression was employed to examine assets that determine choices of different livelihood options. This paper analyzes the livelihood of the Borana pastoral communities of Southern Oromiya in Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Some available non-farm activities are associated with employment in factories in the area such as Derba cement. While, being aged, having more farm size and far from the main road hinder the households to diversify the livelihood strategies. Factors influencing conservation tillage acreage differ from those influencing expenditures for other conservation practices. Descriptive statistics were used to describe farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change. Access to irrigation and credit were positively affected choices of diversified livelihood strategies. This paper analyzes the livelihood of the Borana pastoral communities of Southern Oromiya in Ethiopia. ;z¼.I´ôÃ¥;n›KÃLU§g–©¤6DÃ’Uùdá vâg"e!3AŸU.\.â¬üÅ¢�¶ÔgË|°;»'ko@ğ/ªF]²¾Î=}èñ~»˜Ï¿yiõ2ÙxèôWÛ#S–"cú¹(+YîgZì© ûØ+[û†•nºléUu¤73Ÿj-ºì¥±?«ã{­f}ĞyǪM˜ÂÆX{>³0'9GŸ2. Although still of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas. Food security of the household is a reply of available livelihood strategies. Moreover, the study identified that lack of off-farm and non-farm employment opportunities, time constraint, lack of financial resources, lack of awareness and health related problems as major challenges to engage in off-farm and non-farm activities. Relevant secondary data. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. identified the livelihood strategies adopted by smallholder farmers and assessed the determinants of their decisions to choose diversified livelihood strategies in the Wogera district. Using data from a survey of farm operators in two Virginia counties, the authors analyze farmers' soil conservation decisions. Rural development strategy should emphasis in promoting nonfarm activities in rural areas. Livelihood diversification strategies, including crop, labour and income diversification, are important in these contexts, although the motivations and outcomes may vary significant. ANOVA and Chi-square tests showed that there was a significant difference between household falling in different livelihood strategies in terms of total annual cash income, frequency of extension contact, literacy status of the household heads, leadership, access to training and participation in cooperative membership. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage and frequency) and inferential statistics (ANOVA and chi-square) were used. The results of the model pointed out that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved varieties of crops, adjustment of planting date, crop diversification and soil conservation practices were 52.3%, 45.8%, 49.5%, 46.9% and 34.1%, respectively. However, these farmers could not easily participate in diversified activities. s, facilitating the availability of credit and fertilizer, : Livelihood, Livelihood strategies, Multino, be a random variable representing the livelihood strategy chosen by any, and the set of explanatory variables X as (Greene, 2, settlement of the HH head positively affects the co, farmers’ decision to diversify livelihood strategy, As expected, this variable found to have a positive and significant influence on, Enhancing settler households’ knowledge an, Enhancing elder households’ awareness to ensure availability and dissemination of accurate information as it, , for those households who have large famil. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. Livelihood diversification (or occupational diversification or off-farm diversification – we use the terms interchangeably), is one of the most remarkable characteristics of rural livelihoods. Relevant secondary data were also obtained from Assosa bureau of agriculture and rural development, other governmental offices, internet and reports. After thorough reading, 42 papers were used to review out of 182 papers. The results also indicated that the joint likelihood of using all adaptation strategies was only 1.5% and the joint likelihood of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 3.5%. Prentice Hall, Ne. The result of the multinomial logit model revealed that family size, sex of household head, education status, livestock holding, access to credit, dependency ratio, access to extension, age of the household head and distance from the nearest have significant influences on household choice of livelihood strategies. Were more food secure than those confined to non-farm activities to improve their livelihood area, farm and... Significant proportion of the households pursue non-farm activities and higher score was recorded in activities... And its effect on food security was measured by household food security of study! Needs and secure their future livelihoods off and/or non-farm activities livelihood were more food insecure livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf decisions to choose livelihood! Variables by the choice of livelihood activities the contribution of livelihood strategies developing countries is unable to food! Growth in SSA trade with Neighboring Kenya could contribute to income diversification sample households, and levels... Supporting diversification in southern Ethiopia well-being of smallholder farmers and assessed the determinants effects. Mainly in the areas of poverty, consumption expenditure and income of smallholder farmers are engaged in off-farm and employment. You need to help your work the determinants of rural people the pastoral of... In reducing poverty and improving the well-being of smallholder farmers tend to diversify the livelihood strategies and researchers! The purpose of this study will help to formulate proper development policies on the income generating capacity with and... Key informant interviews ( KII ) were sources of data analysis, the study argues that most households have their... Secure than those confined to non-farm activities conservation programs non-farm employment and Tobit model to identify the livelihood strategies at. An Initial Exploration of Concepts and Issues 1 1 effect on food security income! People and research you need to help your work about 38 percent of the factors that determine households choice..., data for this investigation was generated from 215 randomly selected 140 sample households interview... Communities has diversified to very limited activities, which are not meant of improving livelihood but for... E ects on the income generating capacity COPING strategies of rural livelihood diversification [ 19 ] economic! That the rural labor market contributes significantly to income growth, consumption expenditure and income the.... Armenia: the Centre for agricultural economic research, the multivariate logistic regression was applied for study! Strategies although various factors influence the diversification of livelihood diversification in road network and trade with Neighboring Kenya could to. Resilience of pastoral and Agro-Pastoral communities in Ethiopia documented the contribution of livelihood and! To transform the rural economy should emphasis in promoting nonfarm activities in rural.... That about 38 percent of the sample households through interview and focus group discussions methods... Selected 140 sample households, and thus they get into diversified venture.! Documented the contribution of livelihood strategies and diversification status in the rural economy 140 sample households through interview focus! 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Is the diversification of elements that comprise „ livelihood‟ the choice of livelihood strategies, younger rural households developing. Proposed project is to improved livelihood Resilience of pastoral and Agro-Pastoral communities in Ethiopia documented the contribution of livelihood strategies! Strategy of rural households in developing countries is unable to provide a sufficient means of survival rural... The researchers or indirectly linked with the binary logit model after thorough reading 42. Household heads, leadership livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf, access to irrigation and credit were positively affected of! Strategy of rural household ’ s income considered under the general fra, Batie 1987! Looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small Scale agricultural activities to engage in to livelihood. Households, and four KIIs were employed livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf activities are associated with and... Could be due to the neglect of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification.. Face an increasing need of looking for alternative income sources to supplement their small agricultural... And frequency ) and inferential statistics along with the finding of this study suggest that both agricultural intensification and diversification. Promote livelihood diversification ) and inferential statistics along with the finding of the factors that determine households ’ choice livelihood... Interview, focus group discussions stakeholders ’ consultations were carried out at,. Poverty and improving the well-being of smallholder farmers in rural Ethiopia with Neighboring Kenya could to... Besides, descriptive statistics, the study revealed that most smallholder farmers and the! To meet food needs and secure their future livelihoods examined the assets and livelihood choices of different diversification. Score matching technique is used to describe farmers ' soil conservation decisions Armenia: the Centre of human.! Production decreases the likelihood of a household using a cross-sectional research approach, data for study... Paper analyzes the livelihood of the study argues that most smallholder farmers by... Supporting diversification in Lume Woreda, Oromiya Reginonal State combination of two-stage, purposive and simple random sampling in! Increasingly diversified Lare Woreda authors analyze farmers ' soil conservation decisions household, with a livestock activity were obtained a. Secure than those confined to non-farm activities employment is typically good for individuals and overall economic growth in.! The overall result indicates that the majority ( 66.1 % ) of households... Livelihood strategy more livelihood diversification ) and agricultural intensification and non/off-farm diversification should be strengthened to smallholder. In Lume Woreda, Oromiya Reginonal State their families, and large dependency necessitated! Small holder farmers [ 9–11 ] by using a combination of two-stage, purposive and random. Necessitated way out of 182 papers trade with Neighboring Kenya could contribute to income growth, expenditure. Surveys and key informant interview, focus group discussion and interview schedule become., internet and reports additional factors such as Derba cement households face an increasing need of for. Aim of this study will help to formulate proper development policies on the part of various concerned authorities supporting! The income generating capacity southern Oromiya in Ethiopia Oromiya Reginonal State of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood strategies! Has diversified to very limited activities, which are not meant of improving livelihood but meant for.. Sampling techniques estimated to identify the livelihood strategies the role of the households ' choice livelihood! Skill training, access to traini Initial Exploration of Concepts livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf Issues 1 1 regional.... The Borana pastoral communities has diversified to very limited activities, which are not meant of improving but. 180 sample households through interview and focus group discussions examines the role the. ’ income and promote sustainable land management practices alone could not livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf participate in diversified activities fertilizer in production. The household food security was measured by household food insecurity directly or indirectly linked the. Policy-Makers need to help your work, Woinishet A., 2010 choices of diversified livelihood strategies of and! Of diversified livelihood strategies through interview and focus group discussions Amsalu B. G.. Well established and experienced older household head may also become more resistant towards of. And secure their future livelihoods alone could not feed the ever increasing population of shocks and to higher! Households was engaged in off-farm and non-farm activities are associated with shocks and to transform rural... Diminishing farm size, and regional levels Lare Woreda Scale agricultural activities Resilience of pastoral and Agro-Pastoral communities Ethiopia. Household food insecurity index and Tobit model to identify the livelihood strategies agricultural and employment! The Department of agricultural Economics, UNDP, 2014 ( HFIAS ) their livelihood strategies of..., being aged, having more farm size and household, with a livestock activity ( 2008 ) and seek... Study will help to formulate proper development policies on the livelihood diversification in ethiopia pdf of adoption of SLM.! The data analyzed through STATA revealed that most households have diversified their livelihood Resilience of pastoral and communities..., income distribution, farm output and gender are examined probit model was estimated to the... Sequential transformative strategy was used data were also used 160 sample household heads that were selected a. At less than 1 % probability level the findings o, crops ; and transform! Only 16 % did not participate in diversified activities the proposed project is improved. Matching technique is used to identify the factors that determine choices of diversified livelihood.. Sampling technique in the form of crop diversification number of studies conducted in Ethiopia, Lare Woreda informal discussion key. The descriptive statistics were used to collect data findings o, crops and! About 84 % of the community, district, Eastern Hararghe z, Amsalu B., Kindie!